Do you know? Open FinanceOpen Finance is a framework that allows customers to give authorised financial institutions or third-party providers permission to access and share their financial information securely. It extends open banking beyond bank accounts and payments to areas such as lending, investments, insurance, and wealth management. In Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia’s proposed framework…
Do you know? BlockchainValidators are the network participants in proof‑of‑stake blockchains (like Ethereum) who secure the chain by proposing new blocks of transactions and attesting that other validators’ blocks are valid. To become a validator, a user locks up (stakes) a required amount of the native token as collateral; the protocol then randomly selects validators,…
Do you know? BlockchainMiners are the network participants in proof‑of‑work blockchains (like Bitcoin) who secure the chain by competing to solve cryptographic puzzles and, when successful, proposing new blocks of transactions. To mine, a participant invests in specialised hardware and electricity to perform vast numbers of hash computations; the protocol awards the right to create…
Do you know? BlockchainTogether, these designs shape how users experience transactions. On UTXO chains like Bitcoin, wallets must manage and sometimes consolidate many small UTXOs, and fees depend heavily on transaction size in bytes. On account-based chains like Ethereum, users see a simple balance and pay gas that reflects computational work and network demand, while…
Do you know? BlockchainAccount model: By contrast, Ethereum and most modern smart‑contract chains use a model which resembles a bank ledger or database. Each address has a stored balance, and the network maintains a global state of all account balances and contract data. When you send 1 ETH, the protocol directly subtracts 1 ETH plus…
Do you know? BlockchainUTXO (unspent transaction output) model: Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies use UTXO, which works like physical cash. Your balance isn’t stored as a single number; instead, it’s the sum of many discrete “chunks” of UTXOs, each like a digital bill or coin. When you make a payment, your wallet selects enough UTXOs to…
Do you know? BlockchainLayer 2 (L2) refers to secondary protocols or chains built on top of a Layer 1 blockchain to improve scalability, speed and cost, while inheriting security from the underlying L1. L2s typically batch or process many transactions off the main chain and then post compressed data or proofs back to Layer 1…
Do you know? BlockchainLayer 1 (L1) is the base blockchain network that provides the core infrastructure for recording transactions, achieving consensus, and securing the ledger without relying on another chain. It defines the protocol rules, runs the consensus mechanism (e.g., proof‑of‑work or proof‑of‑stake), and is ultimately the source of truth and final settlement for its…
Do you know? Electricity billThe government proposed expanding electricity bill protection for domestic users by raising the subsidy threshold from 600 kilowatt-hours (kWh) to 800 kWh per month from September to December. This temporary measure exempts households consuming up to 800 kWh monthly from three key bill components: the Automatic Fuel Adjustment (AFA) charge, retail…
Do you know? El NiñoMalaysians should expect hotter, drier weather during peak El Niño months, with higher risks of water shortages, haze from regional fires, and occasional intense thunderstorms. Households and businesses can prepare by conserving water, fixing leaks, installing rainwater-harvesting systems where feasible, and monitoring official water-level advisories. Communities should also improve fire and…